U.G. PLAY HAMLET BY WILLIAM SHAKESPEARE

                          Introduction 

The Tragedy of Hamlet, Prince of Denmark, often shortened to Hamlet, is a tragedy written by William Shakespeare sometime between 1599 and 1601. It is Shakespeare's longest play, with 29,551 words.

HAMLET PLAY REVIEW BY WILIAM SHAKESPEARE

The Tragedy of Hamlet, Prince of Denmark or otherwise known as Hamlet, is well-known and revered as William Shakespeare’s most famous play. It is believed to have been written sometime around 1600, and is set in Denmark.

The play sees young Prince Hamlet set on a quest for revenge. His evil uncle Claudius has killed the King of Denmark, Hamlet’s father. But Hamlet is not just a blind revenge seeker who wants to kill his evil uncle and usurp the throne. He is intellectual, seeking moral ground, questioning himself and the justice of his actions. This inner dialogue of Hamlet is what makes the character such a compelling study, and so relevant a character model to present day.

Hamlet is the Prince of Denmark, son of the deceased King Hamlet and Queen Gertrude. At the beginning of the play, Hamlet had just returned from his studies to find his father dead, and his mother married to his Uncle Claudius. Hamlet’s darkest suspicions are confirmed when the ghost of his father, the deceased King Hamlet, appears to tell that Uncle Claudius was behind his death. This inciting incident sends Hamlet on a mission of revenge.

This Hamlet summary deals with the plot, and can be used as a reference for what happens in the play. The Hamlet play is actually around six hours long and very detailed, but you can still ace your Hamlet essay by just knowing the sequence of events, themes, and the symbolism used in the play. Read on until the end to learn more about the themes prevalent throughout the play.

Hamlet Themes

There are many themes within this iconic play, causing it to be one of the most discussed pieces of literature ever. One of the most prominent themes is the theme of action vs. inaction, where Hamlet continuously questions the morality of his decisions, whether he should kill or not kill, to be or not to be. The most exciting thing about Hamlet is not his actions, but rather his inactions that fuel these discussions of morality. This theme ties in directly with the theme of death.

The theme of religion, honor, and revenge is very prominent in this play. Characters in Hamlet constantly lecture each other on how to act; Claudius ‘parent talks’ Hamlet on how to properly show grief; Polonius lectures Laertes on how he should behave at university; Hamlet lectures himself in his monologues on what he should do. The codes of conduct in this play are largely based on religion and aristocratic values which demand honor, stating that revenge is necessary if honor has been spoiled.

Symbolism in Hamlet

This play does contain symbols but does not exaggerate their use. The symbols are evident and apparent, for example, the Ghost. The Ghost is usually understood as a symbol of hard times coming ahead, being regarded as a bad omen in the state of Denmark.

The second symbol we see are the flowers of Ophelia, which appear just as she begins losing her mind. She gives everybody flowers, describing what it stands for, and expressing her feelings of betrayal by offering the flowers so symbolically. It can be interpreted as a cry for help in disguise and could be seen as Shakespeare poking fun at how nobody understands symbols and what they mean.

Shakespeare also uses things like the weather to set the scene; when the weather is bad, it’s an omen. When it’s good, it means good times are coming. However, the symbols are ambiguous and can be over-interpreted while just being props to set the mood.

                                                                                                                                        Thanks😊

U.G. PLAY ''MACBETH'' BY WILLIAM SHAKESPEARE

                       Introduction 

Macbeth is a tragedy by William Shakespeare. It is thought to have been first performed in 1606. It dramatises the damaging physical and psychological effects of political ambition on those who seek power for its own sake.

MACBETH PLAY BY SHAKESPEARE

 Macbeth, a Scottish baron, and his wife plot regicide after witches predict that Macbeth is to become king.  Macbeth is of two minds about the whole affair, but does the deed with the help of Lady Macbeth. They frame the king’s guards, who Macbeth then kills in his supposed outrage at the king’s murder. The king’s sons doubt that the guards are to blame and flee in the fear that they will be next on the murderer’s list. Macbeth uses their escape to spread the story that the king’s sons paid the guard to murder their father and, thus, Macbeth takes over the throne.

Macbeth’s friends and countrymen begin to suspect Macbeth’s guilt. Banquo, who was with Macbeth during the conversation with the witches, received a prediction as well: that it would be his progeny, not Macbeth’s that hold the throne in the future. Macbeth fears Banquo’s suspicion and realizes that if all the witches’ predictions come true, Macbeth has committed murder to benefit Banquo’s son.  Macbeth sends ruffians to fix the problem. They kill Banquo but his son escapes.

Banquo’s ghost, visible only to Macbeth, shows up at a banquet, unnerving Macbeth visibly which causes his guests such discomfort that they leave the table.

Macbeth visits the witches again (“double, double toil and trouble”). With visions, they offer some advice (beware Macduff) and assurances (“none of woman born shall harm Macbeth” and “Macbeth shall never vanquished be, until Great Birnam Wood to high Dunsinane hill shall come against him”) but they also continue to predict that it will be Banquo’s descendants, not Macbeth’s, who inherit the throne.

Macbeth receives word that Macduff has gone to England to help Malcolm, King Duncan’s son, regain the throne. He sends troops to Macduff’s home where they kill his wife and children.

                                               Thanks😊

U.G. PLAY ''OTHELLO'' BY WILLIAM SHAKESPEARE

                   Introduction 

Othello is a tragedy written by William Shakespeare, probably in 1603, set in the contemporary Ottoman–Venetian War fought for the control of the Island of Cyprus, since 1489 a possession of the Venetian Republic. The port city of Famagusta finally fell to the Ottomans in 1571 after a protracted siege.

''OTHELLO'' BY WILLIAM SHAKESPEARE

William Shakespeare’s Othello takes place in 16th-century Venice and also Cyprus. Othello is a noble black warrior in the Venetian army. He secretly marries a beautiful white woman Desdemona who is the daughter of a prominent senator named Brabantio. When he eventually finds out and is completely furious he decides to disown Desdemona.

Iago has a secret jealousy and resentment towards Othello because a soldier named Lieutenant Cassio has been put in front of him and also suspects that Othello has been cheating with his wife. Waiting on revenge, Iago plans a devious comeback to plant suspicions in Othello’s mind that Desdemona has been having an affair with Cassio. On one night He starts street fight with Cassio. Everybody gathers and Othello founds him in drunken state on time of duty, and is then dismissed from his post.

Desdemona takes up Cassio’s case with her husband, which only increases his suspicions that the pair are lovers. While all of this is happening Iago manages to find a treasured handkerchief from Desdemona that was given to her by Othello. He somehow gets the handkerchief on Cassio so that Othello sees it and he finally concludes that the possession is proof of the affair. Due to the jealousy, he orders Iago to murder Cassio. Then Othello decides to strangle Desdemona.

Immediately afterwards her innocence is revealed, and Iago’s treachery exposed. In a fit of grief and remorse Othello kills himself and Iago is taken into custody by the authorities.

                                           Thanks😊

U.G. PLAY HAYAVADANA BY GIRISH KARNAD

                          Introduction 

Hayavadana is a play by playwright and actor Girish Karnad, and is an Indian interpretation of The Transposed Heads by Thomas Mann. Summary Of The Book. The play is written featuring two primary characters, Devadatta and Kapila. The female lead is a woman called Padmini.

It is a play written by Karnad from the base of Indian ancient stories collection in Sanskrit‘KATHASARITSAGAR’. But Karnad borrowed it through Thomas Mann’s retelling of the story in THE TRANSPOSED HEADS. Karnad’s play poses a problem, that of human identity in a world of tangled relationships.

The play opens with the friendship of Devadatta and Kapila‘one mind, one heart’. Devadatta a man of intellect, Kapila a ‘man of body’. Then after some time Devadatta marries Padmini and Kapila also fall in love with Padmini. So their relation becomes more complicated. Then both the friends kill themselves, and then Padmini get bliss from the mother Kali to live them once again. But Padmini transposed their heads, giving Devadatta Kapila’s body and Kapila Devadatta’s. Result is the confusion of identities that who is Kapila and who is Devadatta.Initially both the friends behave differently but after passing sometimes they look like as usual after some troubles. But Padmini felt the complete man from those both. And she has experience of complete man. Then she is going in the forest to meet Kapila and Devadatta also going behind her. So once again they fight and kill each other and Padmini become ‘Sati’ after their death.

 There is also one sub-plot‘Hayavadana’. The horse man it means significant theme of the incompleteness by treating it. That horse man search completeness and end with comically. It means we find story within a story in this play. So this is the over view story of this play.

As we know that archetypal criticism means related with the original idea. For example our development from the idea which is already Laing in the world, our birth – youth- death, as same in the dramarising – climax – falling. Physics is an organized body of knowledge about nature, and a student of it says that he is learning physics but in real sense he is learning nature while for students of literature take it different. We can also find some threads related the history in this drama. The story of Lord Ganesh‘transposed head’. We can find that myth in this drama heads transposed of those friends – Devdatta and Kapila. And it also connected with Philosophy like Padmini commit a mistake selfish that she want complete husband and so she must be punish. We find tragic end of Padmini in this play. We also apply Inductive method in this drama that in last some pages there is one scene ‘Kapila picking up an axe and felling a tree. A long silence. Only the soundless image of Kapila cutting the tree’. And then their relation fall down. Both the friends kill each other and Padmini perform ‘Sati’. So from that symbol or reading of back ground we know that the tragic end will happen. Then deductive method. How we apply in the drama. We know that if we want to observe any painting so that complete place is need able. And if we want to listen any music so time is important. It means music related with time and painting related with space.

                                                                                                                                  Thanks😊

U.G. PLAY THE KING LEAR BY WILLIAM SHAKESPEARE

                         Introduction 

King Lear is a tragedy written by William Shakespeare. It is based on the mythological Leir of Britain. King Lear relinquishes his power and land to two of his daughters. He becomes destitute and insane and a proscribed crux of political machinations.

THE KING LEAR BY WILLIAM SHAKESPEARE

  Lear, the aging king of Britain, decides to step down from the throne and divide his kingdom evenly among his three daughters. First, however, he puts his daughters through a test, asking each to tell him how much she loves him. Goneril and Regan, Lear’s older daughters, give their father flattering answers. But Cordelia, Lear’s youngest and favorite daughter, remains silent, saying that she has no words to describe how much she loves her father. Lear flies into a rage and disowns Cordelia. The king of France, who has courted Cordelia, says that he still wants to marry her even without her land, and she accompanies him to France without her father’s blessing.

Lear quickly learns that he made a bad decision. Goneril and Regan swiftly begin to undermine the little authority that Lear still holds. Unable to believe that his beloved daughters are betraying him, Lear slowly goes insane. He flees his daughters’ houses to wander on a heath during a great thunderstorm, accompanied by his Fool and by Kent, a loyal nobleman in disguise.

Meanwhile, an elderly nobleman named Gloucester also experiences family problems. His illegitimate son, Edmund, tricks him into believing that his legitimate son, Edgar, is trying to kill him. Fleeing the manhunt that his father has set for him, Edgar disguises himself as a crazy beggar and calls himself “Poor Tom.” Like Lear, he heads out onto the heath.

When the loyal Gloucester realizes that Lear’s daughters have turned against their father, he decides to help Lear in spite of the danger. Regan and her husband, Cornwall, discover him helping Lear, accuse him of treason, blind him, and turn him out to wander the countryside. He ends up being led by his disguised son, Edgar, toward the city of Dover, where Lear has also been brought.

In Dover, a French army lands as part of an invasion led by Cordelia in an effort to save her father. Edmund apparently becomes romantically entangled with both Regan and Goneril, whose husband, Albany, is increasingly sympathetic to Lear’s cause. Goneril and Edmund conspire to kill Albany.

The despairing Gloucester tries to commit suicide, but Edgar saves him by pulling the strange trick of leading him off an imaginary cliff. Meanwhile, the English troops reach Dover, and the English, led by Edmund, defeat the Cordelia-led French. Lear and Cordelia are captured. In the climactic scene, Edgar duels with and kills Edmund; we learn of the death of Gloucester; Goneril poisons Regan out of jealousy over Edmund and then kills herself when her treachery is revealed to Albany; Edmund’s betrayal of Cordelia leads to her needless execution in prison; and Lear finally dies out of grief at Cordelia’s passing. Albany, Edgar, and the elderly Kent are left to take care of the country under a cloud of sorrow and regret.

                                                                                                                                    Thanks😊

U.G. PLAY THE MERCHANT OF VANICE BY WILLIAM SHAKESPEARE

                            Introduction 

The Merchant of Venice is a 16th-century play written by William Shakespeare in which a merchant in Venice named Antonio defaults on a large loan provided by a Jewish moneylender, Shylock. It is believed to have been written between 1596 and 1599.

Antonio, a Venetian merchant, complains to his friends of a melancholy that he cannot explain. His friend Bassanio is desperately in need of money to court Portia, a wealthy heiress who lives in the city of Belmont. Bassanio asks Antonio for a loan in order to travel in style to Portia’s estate. Antonio agrees, but is unable to make the loan himself because his own money is all invested in a number of trade ships that are still at sea. Antonio suggests that Bassanio secure the loan from one of the city’s moneylenders and name Antonio as the loan’s guarantor. In Belmont, Portia expresses sadness over the terms of her father’s will, which stipulates that she must marry the man who correctly chooses one of three caskets. None of Portia’s current suitors are to her liking, and she and her lady-in-waiting, Nerissa, fondly remember a visit paid some time before by Bassanio.

  In Venice, Antonio and Bassanio approach Shylock, a Jewish moneylender, for a loan. Shylock nurses a long-standing grudge against Antonio, who has made a habit of berating Shylock and other Jews for their usury, the practice of loaning money at exorbitant rates of interest, and who undermines their business by offering interest-free loans. Although Antonio refuses to apologize for his behavior, Shylock acts agreeably and offers to lend Bassanio three thousand ducats with no interest. Shylock adds, however, that should the loan go unpaid, Shylock will be entitled to a pound of Antonio’s own flesh. Despite Bassanio’s warnings, Antonio agrees. In Shylock’s own household, his servant Launcelot decides to leave Shylock’s service to work for Bassanio, and Shylock’s daughter Jessica schemes to elope with Antonio’s friend Lorenzo. That night, the streets of Venice fill up with revelers, and Jessica escapes with Lorenzo by dressing as his page. After a night of celebration, Bassanio and his friend Gratiano leave for Belmont, where Bassanio intends to win Portia’s hand.

 In Belmont, Portia welcomes the prince of Morocco, who has come in an attempt to choose the right casket to marry her. The prince studies the inscriptions on the three caskets and chooses the gold one, which proves to be an incorrect choice. In Venice, Shylock is furious to find that his daughter has run away, but rejoices in the fact that Antonio’s ships are rumored to have been wrecked and that he will soon be able to claim his debt. In Belmont, the prince of Arragon also visits Portia. He, too, studies the caskets carefully, but he picks the silver one, which is also incorrect. Bassanio arrives at Portia’s estate, and they declare their love for one another. Despite Portia’s request that he wait before choosing, Bassanio immediately picks the correct casket, which is made of lead. He and Portia rejoice, and Gratiano confesses that he has fallen in love with Nerissa. The couples decide on a double wedding. Portia gives Bassanio a ring as a token of love, and makes him swear that under no circumstances will he part with it. They are joined, unexpectedly, by Lorenzo and Jessica. The celebration, however, is cut short by the news that Antonio has indeed lost his ships, and that he has forfeited his bond to Shylock. Bassanio and Gratiano immediately travel to Venice to try and save Antonio’s life. After they leave, Portia tells Nerissa that they will go to Venice disguised as men.

Shylock ignores the many pleas to spare Antonio’s life, and a trial is called to decide the matter. The duke of Venice, who presides over the trial, announces that he has sent for a legal expert, who turns out to be Portia disguised as a young man of law. Portia asks Shylock to show mercy, but he remains inflexible and insists the pound of flesh is rightfully his. Bassanio offers Shylock twice the money due him, but Shylock insists on collecting the bond as it is written. Portia examines the contract and, finding it legally binding, declares that Shylock is entitled to the merchant’s flesh. Shylock ecstatically praises her wisdom, but as he is on the verge of collecting his due, Portia reminds him that he must do so without causing Antonio to bleed, as the contract does not entitle him to any blood. Trapped by this logic, Shylock hastily agrees to take Bassanio’s money instead, but Portia insists that Shylock take his bond as written, or nothing at all. Portia informs Shylock that he is guilty of conspiring against the life of a Venetian citizen, which means he must turn over half of his property to the state and the other half to Antonio. The duke spares Shylock’s life and takes a fine instead of Shylock’s property. Antonio also forgoes his half of Shylock’s wealth on two conditions: first, Shylock must convert to Christianity, and second, he must will the entirety of his estate to Lorenzo and Jessica upon his death. Shylock agrees and takes his leave.

Bassanio, who does not see through Portia’s disguise, showers the young law clerk with thanks, and is eventually pressured into giving Portia the ring with which he promised never to part. Gratiano gives Nerissa, who is disguised as Portia’s clerk, his ring. The two women return to Belmont, where they find Lorenzo and Jessica declaring their love to each other under the moonlight. When Bassanio and Gratiano arrive the next day, their wives accuse them of faithlessly giving their rings to other women. Before the deception goes too far, however, Portia reveals that she was, in fact, the law clerk, and both she and Nerissa reconcile with their husbands. Lorenzo and Jessica are pleased to learn of their inheritance from Shylock, and the joyful news arrives that Antonio’s ships have in fact made it back safely. The group celebrates its good fortune.

                                                                                                                            Thanks😊

U.G. NOVEL GULLIVER TRAVELS BY JONATHAN SWIFT

                     Introduction 

Gulliver's Travels was first published in 1726, and three centuries later it remains in full force. This famous satirical novel is both an adventure story and a devious philosophical reflection on the constitution of modern societies.

 It is divided into four parts as under

1)A Voyage to Lilliput

2)A Voyage to Brobdingnag

3) A Voyage to Laputa

4) A Voyage to the Country of the Houyhnhnms

In s.y  I have studied only first part out of four. From this novel I can understand that how can anyone narrate the story. And we can find satirical tone behind that narrative. And it is good novel which is completely related with satires...

  This novel is written by Thomas Hardy. The original title of the novel is ‘The Life and Death of the Mayor of Casterbridge’. We can see the interpretation of Wessex area. This is the story of Michael Henchard who quarrels with his wife Susan. And then he decided to auction off his wife and daughter Elizabeth Jane to a sailor, Mr. Newson and get five guineas from him. On the next day when he recover from drunk at that time he realize that his wife and daughter gone and then he take a vow before God in this solemn place that ‘I will avoid all strong drink for twenty-one years to come’.

 Then, eighteen years later he became successful grain merchant, or Mayor of Casterbridge. And he kept secret of ‘loss’ of his wife. In Casterbridge people believe he is a widower. Then while travelling to the island of Jersey on business he fall in love with Lucette, then she want to marry him but there is an obvious problem that Henchard is already technically married. And if you want to know about it so please read it.

 And critically we can see that in this novel woman treated as any material thing and Henchard treated her as material and sell her to merchant. So in this novel also we can see the condition of the woman. And also many other things we can see in this novel so please read it.

 This story is about two characters Rahel and Estha. Both are twines. We can see that one character suffers because of his caste. In now a days also we are not free to do inter-caste marriages. As same that thing reflects in this novel. Here one quotation from that novel as under,

"It didn't matter that the story had begun, because Kathakali discovered long ago that the secret of the Great Stories is that they have no secrets. The Great Stories are the ones you have heard and want to hear again. The ones you can enter anywhere and inhabit comfortably. They don't deceive you with thrills and trick endings."  

Thus, it is good novel by Roy, we can see reality reflects in it.

                                                                                                                                          Thanks😊

U.G NOVEL THE OLD MAN AND THE SEA By ERNEST HEMINGWAY

                             Introduction 

THE OLD MAN AND THE SEA NOVEL

The old man and the sea is a short novel written by American author Hemingway. It was the last major work of fiction by Hemingway that was published during his lifetime. Whole novel swings between victory and defeat. It was a story about An old man's struggle , he was a skilled fisherman ; which he supposed to prove infront of society. He wants victory in his life. Throught the novel with a boy's eyes we can see the character of an old man. The novel's structure and plot was very good, limited characters, huge message we got with many interpretation.An old man many times dreamed about lion.  We can see theme of love, life and alienation. In novel sea symbolizes the universe and at the end sea makes the old man tragic hero. Manolin,  a great fish which was caught by an old man symbolizes the youth of Santiago (old man).

Central Idea

“The Old Man and the sea” is a widely celebrated novel which touches upon social and cultural aspects of humankind as well as entire novel is quite rich in a term of use of symbolism. As far as social concern of the novel is concerned,

“The Old Man and the sea” is an extreme exploration of humankind’s relation with nature as well as of the human place in nature”

This novel presents a captivating story of Old fisherman named Santiago and his struggle of greatest catch of his life after not catching anything for fourty eight days. The novel is revolved around lonely and unlucky Cuban Old fisherman Santiago who struggles in catching enormous Marlin far out in Gulf Stream of the coast of Cuba.  At the end of the novel Santiago was physically defeated but his spirit remained younger. As it is reflected by Santiago when he says,

“A man can be destroyed but not defeated.”

This paraphrase showcases that idea of strong will or desire of a human; a person can be killed but can’t be defeated until he/she quit. This statement of old man can be referred through the novel. Let’s have a look on consequence of this statement.

 Santiago – Old unlucky fisherman

“He was an old man who fished in a skiff in the Gulf Stream and he had gone eighty four days now without taking a fish”.

This is the very first line of the novel which presents the Santiago-an Old man with the immense natural struggle which denies him to catch fish as well as denies his significance as a fisherman. The other fisherman also started mocking on him by addressing as Salao- the worst form of unlucky. During this time his apprentice Manolin had been with him still the fortieth luckless day, after that his father forced him to go on another boat. Since the day Old man started to work alone. He never allowed this unsuccessful journey to be an obstacle in his journey of fishing. Rather than to be disappointed by this journey, he decided to venture too far out in search of proving his manhood and set out on his boat for his adventurous journey. On this journey he also declined the Manolin’s offer to go with him as well as promised him that he would not fail in his adventure because he was equipped with many tricks and strong resolution. His journey for his greatest catch showcases his strength and wit.

 Santiago’s fight against nature

In this Hemingway’s tale, he portrayed struggle of man against the sea and showcased nature as an opposing forces of human being. Also at the same time there is a respectful acknowledgement of the puissance of Nature against which man is often powerless.

 An unprecedented battle

The long drawn strong fight which ensured between the old man and the youthful fish is such a unique epic battle waged on the vast arena of sea as has not been heard of seen ever before.  And this epic battle can be divided into three days journey adventure rather his three days fight against nature in order to his life’s greatest catch.

 Struggle between the old man and the Marlin

The struggle between the old man and the Marlin suggests the never ending battle between man and the mysterious forces of nature, the necessity of

“killing and being killed”.

This is an allegory about a life, it is a struggle against the impossible odds of unconquerable natural forces in which a man can only lose but which he can dominate in such a way that his loss has dignity.The man against whom the fish fights from the deep, dark, invisible place is an embodiment of Christian virtues of compassion, humility, charity, brotherhood and suffering.

i)  It takes three days for Santiago to harpoon and kill a great Marlin. He was tired but than even he continues to work relentlessly to lure and haul the fish, as he wanted to make the greatest catch of his career.

ii)  Even after catching the Marlin, Santiago could not get the fish into skiff. The struggle of harpooning the Marlin made him to feel tire. The old man felt faint and sick and he could not see well.

iii)  At the end, almost the situation came when he had has a need to defend himself against the shark; it was marked as a dangerous struggle of story. But then even he never left her younger spirit behind him. He said that,

“I will fight them until I die”

The significance of sea as natural element

In the novel the sea can be observed as a vast battle-field where the never ending game of killing goes on. For the old man, the sea is a symbol of being mother whose lover is the moon and who gives favor from her children. The sea is like both creator and preserver of life. As Hemingway stated it in the novel when he wrote,

“But the old man always thought as feminine and as something that gave or withheld great favours and if she did wild or wicked things it was because she could not help them. The moon affects her as it does a woman”

In this struggle of Santiago against nature, the worth noticing factor is that this battle was not all about blood and violence but it is about deep sense of brotherhood which was felt by Santiago for the Marlin. In a fact it is struggle of Man against Nature, it is a distinct emotional grandeur. Though he was tired by fighting against unfavorable situation, he felt a deep affection for the fish and admiration for its great strength as it pulled his skiff out into the ocean. As in this nature and man grew closer and closer together in interlude, in spirit as well as in space, Santiago became conscious of the Marlin’s nobility.

However, the old man with his fighting spirit continues to fight even when his hands were pulped and he was blind with the extraneous effort the fish demanded. Though he succeeded in catching the Marlin, his victory was short lived as nature attacked the old man again with galanos- the sharks which were bent upon devouring his prized catch. In spite of knowing that the fight was pointless, he kept on going at the sharks because his spirit never allowed him to let down the efforts in one or another way. His younger spirit made him impossible to give up in between.

Though he succeeded in bringing the marlin at sea shore, the sharks left him with just a long white skeleton to take home. But he was destroyed not defeated.

In such way Hemingway shows that Nature may take from Man all her had but cannot destroy his undaunted fighting spirit, his essential nobility of human striving because of which the battle between Man and Nature has been an eternal one. In every manner Hemingway proves that defeat is sometimes inevitable in this battle but what eventually makes man always victorious in the end is his capacity to struggle to the fullest despite the end results.

                                                                                                                                         Thanks😊

U.G. NOVEL THE ROOM ON THE ROOF REVIEW

                     Introduction 

Ruskin Bond is an Indian author of British descent. His father, Aubrey Alexander Bond was an officer of the Royal Air Force posted in India. He studied in Bishop Cotton School in Shimla. His first novel, The Room on the Roof, received the John Llewellyn Rhys Prize in 1957.

The Room on the Roof is a novel written by Ruskin Bond. It was Bond's first literary venture. Bond wrote the novel when he was seventeen and won the John Llewellyn Rhys Prize in 1957. The novel revolves around Rusty, an orphaned seventeen-year-old Anglo-Indian boy living in Dehradun.

THE ROOM ON THE ROOF NOVEL

Author: Ruskin Bond

Main Characters: 

Rusty, 

Somi,

 Ranbir, 

Kishen, 

Meena, 

Mr.Harrison, 

Kapoor, 

Mr.Pettigrew,

 Sudheer, 

Dhevendir.

Description of one of the main characters: Sudheer is one of Rusty’s favourite friends. He is a strong boy. He is a good wrestler. He is a young lad of fourteen. He travels with Rusty everywhere. Sudheer is kind and helpful.

Setting/Theme of the story : Rusty runs away from his guardian Mr. Harrison. He becomes friends with Indians like Somi and Ranbir. He begins to work as an English tutor in the house of Meena and Kapoor. He teaches English to their son Kishen. But unfortunately Meena and Kapoor die in a car accident. Kishen starts living with Rusty. They both start on a walking tour. One day Kishen’s relatives ask Kishen to come back to them. His relatives do not allow him to be a vagrant. Rusty leaves Kishen and makes friends with Sudheer and Dhevendir. They become his best friends forever. Rusty meets his father’s friend Mr. Pettigrew. Mr. Pettigrew suggests that he meets his aunt in Rishikesh to get some money which Rusty’s father has left for him. But when Rusty goes to his aunt’s house he finds that his father had left only books to read. He brings those books to Mr. Pettigrew. Mr. Pettigrew asks Rusty to go to England. Rusty has always wanted to be a writer. Mr. Pettigrew tells Rusty that he could possibly become a writer in England soon. So Rusty goes to England and other countries to spend rest of his life. 

                                                                                                                                          Thanks😊 

                                      

U.G. SHORT STORY "The Gift of the Magi" BY O HENRY

                         Introduction 

William Sydney Porter, better known by his pen name O. Henry, was an American short story writer. Porter was born in Greensboro, North Carolina. He moved to Texas in 1882, where he met his wife, Athol Estes, with whom he had two children.

"The Gift of the Magi" is a short story by O. Henry first published in 1905. The story tells of a young husband and wife and how they deal with the challenge of buying secret Christmas gifts for each other with very little money.

"The Gift of the Magi"

 "The Gift of the Magi" is a short story, written by O Henry. There are three characters in the story like,

    Della

    Jim 

    Madame Sofronie

   The Gift of the Magi is  Story  about married couple and how they deal with the challenge of buying secret Christmas gifts for each other.

   In this story husband and wife belongs to poor family. And on the new year both want to give new things for their loving person with poor money. Both are sacrifice their own favorite thing because of their love. So, it is beautiful story about true love. The plot of story and it's twice ending are well known and the ending is generally considered an example of comic Irony.

                                             Thanks😊

U.G. SHORT STORY "The Last Leaf" O. Henry

                           Introduction 

"The Last Leaf"

"The Last Leaf" is a short story by O Henry published in 1907 in his collection The Trimmed Lamp and Other Stories.There are three main characters in the story us under,

 The last leaf is a story about ill girl whose whish of life related with last leaf. There is one painter in this story who became always unsuccessful in his work. But then he draw beautiful and realistic leaf and because of that painting girl become confident and then she lives her life. But that painter can't able to save himself. He died because of thunder outside, and he made that picture.

 That is called as "master peace". So it is good for them.

Summary:

  In Greenwich Village which is part of the City West of Washington Square, some painters live here and they found rooms they like, with good light and at a low cost. Sue and Johnsy live at the top of the building with three floors. Sue is from Maine and Johnsy is from California. They met at a restaurant on Eight Street. They discovered that they like the same things, especially arts, so they decided to live and work together.

Toward winter, a cold stranger entered Greenwich Village, he was a bad sickness and Doctor called him as Mr. Pneumonia, no one can see him. He always walked around and touching the person with his icy finger. He touched Johnsy once. Johnsy lay on her bed and look at the side wall of the house next to hers.

One morning, the doctor talked to Sue away from Johnsy. The doctor told Sue that Johnsy has a little chance, he said that if person wants to live, it will have a great chance and if not, the half of doctor’s work would be useless. Sue cried to her workroom, then she walked into Johnsy’s room and carried some painting stuffs.

Johnsy’s eyes opened and always looking at the window and counting back. She was counting the leaves left at the old tree on the side wall of the house next to hers. She said that if the last leaf falls, she must go too. Sue didn’t agree about what Johnsy said, Sue said that there’s no any sense on it and there’s no any connection about on her health. Sue can’t close the window, because she needs light for her work and to have some oney to buy some food. Johnsy always mind the tree, but Sue didn’t want it, so she commanded Johnsy to close her eyes and just sleep.

 Sue called Mr. Behrman to be her model in his work. Mr. Behrman lived at the first floor of the same house, he was past sixty and forty years in the Art Industry, but there’s no any success a painter. He had always talked about his masterpiece, but he had never yet started it. He drank too much, but sometimes he still talked about his masterpiece. He will do everything possible just to help Sue and Johnsy. Sue told Mr. Behrman all about Johnsy and the leaves on the vine. They some argue and after a minute, they went upstairs. Johnsy as sleeping, Sue covered the window and took Behrman to the workroom. They looked at the tree and they look at each for a moment of silence. A very cold and rainy night happened on that day.

 In the morning, after an hour of sleep, Johnsy opened her eyes looking toward the window. Sue took the cover from the window. After the strong wind and stormy night, there’s still one leaf. It was still dark green and having some yellow part, because of the age. Johnsy said that it will surely fall later and she must go to. Sue showed her concern to Johnsy, she was really mad because of what Johnsy said. The day slowly passed, the north wind blow and the rain past.

The next morning, the last leaf was still there. Johnsy realized that she was a bad girl, because she decide to die, but it is wrong to want to die. They have been bond too long and Sue said that someday she will go to Italy and paint the Bay of Naples. In that afternoon, the doctor came. Sue followed him outside Johnsy’s room. The doctor said that chances are great and he gave some advises, because there’s another patient in that house and it was Mr. Behrman. He had Pneumonia too, and there is no hope for him, but they will take him in the hospital.

  In the next day, the doctor came again and said that Johnsy’s safe now and he still leave some advises. In that afternoon, Sue came to Johnsy’s bed then lay. Sue revealed that Mr. Behrman died because of Pneumonia today in the hospital. He was ill only to days. Someone found him helpless, his clothes and shoes are wet and cold as ice. The night where he had been was cold and wild. They also found some things, there ad light and a paint of green and yellow. Johnsy’s didn’t wonder, why the last leaf didn’t move while wind is blowing. The last leaf was Mr. Behrman’s masterpiece.

   It was entitled “The Last Leaf”, because the last leaf was the reason why Johnsy thinking like she was dying and the last leaf was the reason why Mr. Behrrman died. He take responsibility to Sue and Johnsy’s life. The superstitious belief of Johnsy, “When the last leaf falls, she must go to” was the problem of two painters, Mr. Behrman and Sue. Sue and Mr. Behrrman were so desperate to keep Johnsy’s health stable or safe, they will do everything for Johnsy. If I were Sue, I will pursue Johnsy to just only mind her situation. Being a guardian, it is hard to take responsibility in one’s life. I know what Sue feels about the condition of Johnsy, but being panic is not a way to solve your problem.

      O’ Henry and his story “The Last Leaf” was great. His style of writing was pretty awesome. He make the sickness as a real man, from Pneumonia to Mr. Pneumonia with cold fingers. I saw many stories like this, but this was perfect unselfish sacrifice story. It was a dramatic story that can touch your feelings and emotions.

                     Conclusion 

   “The Last Leaf” was a self-less sacrifice short story, that can give you a lot of lessons. First Lesson: Keeping one’s promise was a reason why you need to do sacrifices for them. Second Lesson: You need stay calm so your problem would not be worse. Third or Last Lesson: Helping and working together was the solution to your problems.  I would like to share my own experience of unselfish sacrifice. My parents was the one who commit unselfish sacrifice all the time, even though they know that they need to rest, they will still work just for us. All the time, they always mind our safety instead of their safety. I must honor them as the unselfish people in the world.

                                          Thanks😊