The Rover { The Banish'd cavaliers} by Aphra Behn

                            

                                       Introduction

The Rover is a Comedy, published in two parts in 1677 and 1681. set in Madrid and Naples. The Rover is one of the Interesting comedy as well as play. which was published in 1677 and first performed in March of that year at Duke's Theater in Dorset Garden.

           

Life of Aphra Behn

Early life

Very little is known of Behn’s early life. She was born in 1640 during the lead-up to the English Civil Wars, possibly in Canterbury to a barber father (perhaps named Eaffrey or Bartholomew Johnson) and wet-nurse mother, though in adulthood she moved in aristocratic, courtly circles. Following the narrator’s account of her own life in Oroonoko (1688), some biographers think Behn travelled with her family to the English (later Dutch) colony of Surinam (in the Guianas of South America). There, she may have met an African slave leader who inspired her to write Oroonoko, which is regarded as one of the earliest English novels. Most biographers think Behn had returned to England by 1664, when she married a merchant named Johan Behn, though they separated soon after and by 1666 Johan had died. In any case, from 1664 she went by the name of ‘Mrs Behn’ professionally.

Political sympathies

Behn’s politics were conservative and her sympathies were Royalist. During the Second Anglo-Dutch War, which broke out in 1665, she is said to have acted as a spy in Bruges (her code name was Astrea) on behalf of the court of Charles second Espionage was not a lucrative career, though, and Behn seems to have returned to London within the year. Some accounts have her serving time in debtors’ prison, although that (like much else about her life) is not officially documented.

Writing for the stage

Back in England, Behn turned her attention to writing. We know that she began working for the King’s Company and the Duke’s Company, two theatre companies authorised by Charles II after the Restoration, first as a scribe and then as a playwright. Her first few works in the early 1670s The force marriage . The dutch Lover were not commercial successes. 1677’s The Rover , however, was a critical and commercial victory, and from then on Behn had a steady career as a playwright writing 19 plays in total and probably assisting in the composition of several more.

She also wrote novels, poems and literary translations up until her death in 1689 at the age of 49. She is buried in Westminster Abbey, though not in Poets’ Corner.

Reputation

Much of Behn’s work was published anonymously during her own lifetime. Now, Behn is best known for her novels The fair Jilt Oroonoko the latter of which, though not expressly anti-slavery, was unusual in its time for the respectful attention it pays to a non-white, non-English protagonist – and for her poetry. Her poetry is frequently frank about female sexual pleasure and humorous about male sexual dysfunction (as in ‘The Disappointment’), and some of it was originally attributed to her male contemporary, the famously bawdy Earl of Rochester.

                

Summary of the play

The setting of Novel in Naples. There is Two sister is talking about her lovers.who is known as the Bellville. who comes with the Identity of British Man. The two sister is coming from the Spanish Girl.Her name is given below.

                        Florinda

                         Hellena 

                  cousin sister is valeria

so These three Girls is spanish, but wearing consume as Gipsy girls. Also two spanish man is Father of that girl wants to her girl to marry with Don vincentio. meanwhile, her brother Don pedro wants to her sister marry with Don Antonio.so  this is the basic Information of the Character.Also some of the British characters are 

                willmore  

Willmore is The Rover he is a man who spends most of his days at sea, moving from place to place without fixed route or destination. It is implied that Charles II is onboard the ship that Willmore captains, which indicates that Willmore is a royalist. Throughout the play he is an inconstant character, committing to one woman, and then moving on to the next moments later. His disloyal character is thus emphasized via his interaction with the women that he encounters throughout the course of the play. He is also a notably hotheaded and rash character, always quick to draw his sword.

                          Blunt

 Blunt is a foolish English country gentleman who gets duped by Lucetta, a Spanish whore. Initially, Blunt is the most well-off financially of all the Englishmen Bellville, Frederick, Willmore by the end of the play he has lost all of his possessions, right down to his underwear. Throughout the play, Blunt makes obvious the fact that he is an outsider with his attention-grabbing behavior-- he eventually suffers the consequences of this behavior, as he is preyed upon by a practiced tease and thief. It becomes apparent throughout the course of the play that Blunt is a naive and shortsighted character with irrational motives and cruel intentions.

                 Fredrick 

Frederick is an Englishman and friend of Belleville, Blunt, and Willmore. He takes a liking to Valeria, and the two eventually end up together. Frederick proves himself to be a dangerous and cruel character when he agrees to beat and rape Florinda with Blunt toward the end of the play; however, it is also he who puts a stop to the attack when uncertain as to whether she might be Belville's love.

 These are the some characters of the The rover. Also, willmore is a very different character in this play as Raped man as well as The Main Rover Character in the play.when story goes in the very Different way, we can't easily says that what will happens in the play but after the end goes to happy because all characters are married with Each other like Willmore loves to Hellena

         Frederick loves to valeria

          Bellville vs Florinda so Its comic play.

What did Virginia Woolf say about Aphra Behn? Do you agree with her? Why?

      Adeline Virginia Woolf was an English writer, considered one of the most important modernist 20th century authors and also a pioneer in the use of stream of consciousness as a narrative device.

"All women together ought to let flowers fall upon the tomb of Aphra Behn, for it was she who earned them the right to speak their minds."

Behn had a few female contemporaries but, unlike her, they were aristocratic and certainly not doing anything as vulgar as writing for money. These hobbyist writers would also usually warn potential readers with a notice that the following work was written by a member of the "fair sex", as though apologising in advance. Aphra Behn made no such apologies. She did not ask for permission or acceptance - and it was because she did neither that she proved to be so popular among the ordinary playgoers whose opinion so often goes unrecorded. Operating with striking success outside gender conventions, it was she who paved the way for other women to do the same. What's more, she included as much wit and bawdiness as she could muster, along with a sharp insight into both sex and politics. She was the Restoration's very own combination of Dorothy Parker and Mae West.Her novel was Oroonoko. This is despite the fact that Behn has been totally overlooked not just by male critics of long ago, but most recently by Terry Eagleton, something which surprised me when I was researching a paper I was writing on Behn and Daniel Defoe last year. In his The English Novel: An Introduction he begins, like most, with Daniel Defoe, despite a gap of almost 30 years between Robinson Crusoe and Oroonoko.

The Sexual Politics of Behn's "Rover": After Patriarchy - Stephen Szilagyi 

Each woman begins the play bound one of the three fates: Florinda to marriage, Hellena to the nunnery, and Angellica Bianca to well-paid prostitution.  Through Carnival, however, these women abandon their prescribed positions with disguises to “be mad as the rest, and take all innocent freedoms,” including to “outwit twenty brothers” . The masquerade serves multiple purposes.  First, disguise equalizes the class distinctions, “and even the difference between the categories available to women” . When lost in the festivities, the ladies join all that “are, or would have you think they’re courtesans,” the most sexually liberated women .  Their initial costumes as gypsies allow them to approach men in a feminized, desirous way.  Gypsies already occupy the role of outcast on the liminal edge of society; by taking on their looks, Florinda and Hellena put themselves and their sexuality outside the confines of cultural expectation.  Their decision implies Behn’s opinion that her peers should seek to escape the restrictions that define them.

Behn’s female characters strive for independence within the limitations of the English system of courtship and marriage. In The Rover, the three leading ladies are all capable and proactive young women who exhibit “the initiative and daring reserved for cavaliers” .  Over the course of the play, each takes upon herself the position of active wooer.  Maidenly Hellena openly vows to do “not as my wise brother imagines but to love and to be beloved” by reeling in a husband .  Her virginal sister, Florinda, and the sexually liberated courtesan, Angellica Bianca, adopt similar goals in pursuit of passion.  They are nothing like the subordinate females of Puritan propriety, but witty, competent matches for the men they meet.  Through their strong personalities, Behn suggests at early British women’s potential to feel and act confidently on sexual feelings, thus “desire” and “ the construction of woman as a self-policing and passive commodity”

         conclusion

The Rover is a satirical play of Aphra Behn. which Described that Reality of the Current time . The character of Willmore is presenting the Reality of the society's people.

               

 Words : 1633

                                                  Thanks...........

The Importance of Being Earnest by oscar wilde

  The Importance of Being Earnest  

                                                     by Oscar wilde 

       Introduction

         The Importance of being Earnest is a Trivial comedy for serious people is a play by oscar wilde. first performed on 14 february 1895 at james Theater in London.

       There are so many characters in the play like a 

•   Algernon
• Gwendolen
• Lady Augusta Bracknell
• Cecily Cardew
• Miss Prism   

The story started with one house of Algernon. who lives in city of London, also near by house of Lady bracknell with his Daughter Gwendolen. she is cousin sister of Algernon and Gwendolen also loves to Earnest. He has rakish identity. He loves to Gwendeon with the identity of the Ernest but his real name is jack.It's one of the story of the play also after story goes with the happy ending so end is very happy but in that some part is very different so we can say that this is story part of comedy.

          But, when Jack means Earnest trust on the Algernon and gives his Real identity to but Jack is very different he does not want to trust upon his friend. so After he wants to go in the house of the Earnest. who has identity of Jack and meet to her . who is cecily aslo lives with his Guardian known as the name is jack.After a very different story that the Algernon can propose to Cecily so she says that yes,  I want to marry with you with the identity of the his lover is now in the position of Earnest but in the virtual world there is no identity of the name is Earnest so we can say that without identity of Earnest. who has Existence of name as Earnest.

 so that picture is saying that the end of the play is happy because both of them are marries with Together.here is some videos regarding the play.

 

                   

                     

     Oscar Fingal O'flahertie Wills Wilde (16 October 1854 – 30 November 1900) was an Irish poet and playwright.  After writing in different forms throughout the 1880 the early 1890 saw him become one of the most popular playwrights in London.     

                    

        He is best remembered for his epigrams and plays, his novel the picture of Dorian gray and the circumstances of his criminal conviction for gross Indecencies for consensual homosexual acts, imprisonment, and early death from meningitis.

       As a spokesman for aestheticism, he tried his   hand at various literary activities: he published a  book of poems, lectured in the United States and  Canada on the new "English Renaissance in Art"  and interior decoration, and then returned to London where he worked prolifically as a journalist. Known for his biting wit, flamboyant dress and glittering conversational skill, Wilde became one of the best-known personalities of his day. At the turn of the 1890s, he refined his ideas about the supremacy of art in a series of dialogues and essays, and incorporated themes of decadence, duplicity, and beauty into what would be his only novel the picture of dorian gray (1890). The opportunity to construct aesthetic details precisely, and combine them with larger social themes, drew Wilde to write drama. He wrote  salome 1891 in French while in Paris but it was refused a licence for England due to an absolute prohibition on the portrayal of Biblical subjects on the English stage. Unperturbed, Wilde produced four society comedies in the early 1890s, which made him one of the most successful playwrights of late-Victorian London.

 Q(1)Wilde originally subtitled The Importance of Being Earnest “A Serious Comedy for Trivial People” but changed that to “A Trivial Comedy for Serious People.” What is the difference between the two subtitles?

There are some difference between the both the Titles. So first title is saying that what is the meaning of Earnest. Generally we can take the meaning of Earnest is one type of honest person who always speak true but in that play some times he has spoken some lie words due to some reason .may be he does not want to give his identity to another people, who lives in different country but some he has honour things when he gives his realty to his friend.

Also in my point of view that the trivial means it has no value like example of the dog of the outside from the home as well as the cattles of road so people have no value of this kind of things also we can say that the paradoxical things in this comedy but we can not say that what will happen in this play.

2. Which of the female character is the most attractive to you among Lady Augusta Bracknell, Gwendolen Fairfax, Cecily Cardew and Miss Prism? Give your reasons for she being the most attractive among all.

There are many character in this play but most and changeable is Lady Bracknell.so how that character is change when the ending of the play Lady Bracknell change her thoughts and they decided that her daughter will marry with the Jack. so In that play at that moment she never agree with the marriage of her daughter is Gwendolen but after she says to her daughter to marriage with Earnest. so it's all about the Money. so Money is in centeredness of Society's people.

Another character is cecily Cardew is a very good girl. when she can put trust on Algernon with out seeing his Inner world so we can say that this is the good character of the play and another character is Gwendolen who loves to jack and wants to marry with his lover . who is Earnest. More than any other female character in the play, Gwendolen suggests the qualities of conventional Victorian womanhood. She has ideas and ideals, attends lectures, and is bent on self-improvement. She is also artificial and pretentious. Gwendolen is in love with Jack, whom she knows as Ernest, and she is fixated on this name. This preoccupation serves as a metaphor for the preoccupation of the Victorian middle- and upper-middle classes with the appearance of virtue and honor. Gwendolen is so caught up in finding a husband named Ernest, whose name, she says, “inspires absolute confidence, that she can’t even see that the man calling himself Ernest is fooling her with an extensive deception. In this way, her own image consciousness blurs her judgment.

Cecily is its antithesis. She is a child of nature, as ingenuous and unspoiled as a pink rose, However, her ingenuity is belied by her fascination with wickedness. She is obsessed with the name Ernest just as Gwendolen is, but wickedness is primarily what leads her to fall in love with “Uncle Jack’s brother, whose reputation is wayward enough to intrigue her. Like Algernon and Jack, she is a fantasist. She has invented her romance with Ernest and elaborated it with as much artistry and enthusiasm as the men have their spurious obligations and secret identities. Though she does not have an alter-ego as vivid or developed as Bunbury or Ernest, her claim that she and Algernon Ernest are already engaged is rooted in the fantasy world she’s created around Ernest. Cecily is probably the most realistically drawn character in the play, and she is the only character who does not speak in epigrams. Her charm lies in her idiosyncratic cast of mind and her imaginative capacity, qualities that derive from Wilde’s notion of life as a work of art. These elements of her personality make her a perfect mate for Algernon.

After the character is Miss prism can defined the Identity of the Jack.

3. The play repeatedly mocks Victorian traditions and social customs, marriage and the pursuit of love in particular. Through which situations and characters is this happening in the play.

so In that play some of the things are related with the some part which are doing that work as satirized to the some character of the play when Jack wants to marry with his friend gwendeloan but her mother denies due to some money problem so we can say that the Oscar wilde is Cricise to Victorian's time with the people at that time people will have desire to take some Rupees for live a very Healthy life . They may be believes that the without money we can't live a good life so money Through we can take and keep anything with us.

also one part we can take that the Major problem is cast so when some people will marry they must have to take the his cast character otherwise we can not allow to her to marriage with another guy eso its ill mentality of the people.

4. Queer scholars have argued that the play's themes of duplicity and ambivalence are inextricably bound up with Wilde's homosexuality, and that the play exhibits a "flickering presence-absence of… homosexual desire" Do you agree with this observation? Give your arguments to justify your stance.

yes, I am agree with the all statement which is given by the writer .who has describe the reality of the people when some part are related with the play The Importance of Being Earnest.

conclusion

The play is a very different ,but also related with humans mindset. Generally, people are giving most priority to Money rather than selfness. Marriage is center of the play Through the writer.

Thanks...😊1550 words

The Rape of the lock by Alexander pope

               The Rape of the Lock 

                  

      Introduction

The Rape of the lock is a one narrative poem by Alexander pope that was published in 1712. There are 5 cantos in that poem.   It's represent the hair of her which was cut by one person. who does not like to see the hair (lock} of  the her because of the beauty of her. she is very beautiful girl so that that person is not happy with the her's beauty of her lock.  so the lock is in the center of the poem .so all part of poem is related with the story of the girl's hair as well as the lock of the Bellind. here are some of the characters of the poem. who have whiteral role in the poem .

• Bellinda

A very beautiful girl. All people want to see the hair of bellinda also bellinda thinks that her lock through she has own beautiness of herself.Also bellinda is protagonist of the poem of pope.

• The Baron

He is Antagonist of the poem,also a very jealous full person in the poem. he does not happy with the hair of the bellinda. so He wants to decided to cutting down the hair of bellinda due to his jealousy.

Shock

Bellinda's Lap Dog.

Caryl

Goddess

Ariel

Umbriel

Brillante

Momentilla

Crispissa

Clarissa

she is a very good girl also gives some Moral lecture of her friend Bellinda.

Thalestris

Sir Plume

These are the some characters of the poem. who all giving his role in the poem. here you can see the picture of alexander pope. 

                    

The Alexander pope is one of the best writer of the poem. he wrote many poems but some famous poems are very famous as well as criticize to the nature and Human culture .He wrote many satirical works so the people believe that he is a best satirist in the world.

Also There are five cantos in the poem .

Here we know the this part as the that man has desire to cut the lock of the Bellinda. she is playing game with her friends. They all are enjoying his/her game but that jealous man wants to cut the lock but how can ? so he wants to take Advantage of the situation.

Here cantos wise Information of the poem. which is given by me from the source.

                       

       The story is relatively simple. In canto 1, the reader finds Belinda sleep but awakened about noon by her lapdog Shock. Before she awakens, she dreams about Ariel, a Rosicrucian sylph, who whispers praises in her ear and warns her to beware of jealousy, pride, and especially men. When she does awaken, she finds a love letter on her bed and, after reading it, quickly forgets all the advice that Ariel has given her. She has been invited to sail up the Thames with friends to Hampton Court palace and have fun and games with her host. She devotes much time to her cosmetics and hair in preparation for the trip.The Baron, a suitor, is seen admiring a lock of her hair and vowing that he would have it by any means. The modern reader must remember that, until the 1920’s, few women of character would cut their hair, an act symbolizing the loss of virtue, even chastity. The reader next sees the crew sailing up the Thames, with everyone but Ariel apparently pleased with the state of affairs. Worried, Ariel summons his helper sylphs and reminds them of their duty in helping to protect Belinda, one especially to guard her fan, one her watch, another her lock, and Ariel himself her dog. A host of sylphs are assigned to guard her petticoat, a literal device of armor in older times, protecting the female’s sexual chastity.                                           After the cruise on the Thames, canto 3 sees Belinda, the Baron and the rest of the party arriving at the palace. There Belinda decides to play a Spanish card game called Ombre with two of her suitors. During the game, coffee, recently introduced into England by Queen Anne in order to help with the alcohol problem, is served, and fumes from the hot liquid open the rational mind of the Baron, providing him with new stratagems. With the help of a female crony named Clarissa, he manages to cut off the lock of Belinda’s hair during the card game. At this rape, Belinda cries out in horror, and the Baron cries out in triumph. Ariel weeps bitterly because he was not able to prevent the deed.                                                                  In canto 4, a bad sylph named Umbriel takes advantage of the chaos and chooses to increase the woes by flying down to the Cave of Spleen to get more woes to dump onto Belinda. With his trusty key, “Spleenwort,” in his hand, he enters and secures from the queen of Spleen a bag of horrible noises and a vial of tears, sorrows, and griefs. One of Belinda’s friends, Thalestris, demonstrates “fair weather friendship” when she announces that everyone is talking about the rape of the lock and that she is afraid that she, too, will be branded as “loose.” Thalestris attempts to get her brother Sir Plume to demand that the lock be returned. Sir Plume is unsuccessful.                                                Canto 5 shows Umbriel casting the vial of woes upon Belinda so that she is almost drowned in tears. She longs for simple, country life. Clarissa, the one who helped the Baron earlier in his successful venture, gives an interesting moral sermonette about vanity and age and the need of women to use good sense in the battle of the sexes. Soon a battle of teacups ensues, disturbed by the Baron’s sneezing from the snuff that he is using; this causes the lock to fly high into the air, never to be rescued. Some think that the lock has gone to the moon, where love letters and other love tokens find themselves eventually, but others think that the lock became a star.  The poem is a wonderful example of burlesque, a form that takes trivial subjects and treats them seriously, with the effect being comic. Many epic conventions are used here: the epic question is asked; Belinda’s toilet becomes the epic putting on of armor; there is the conference of protective gods; there are the games and the banquet; there is the descent into the underworld; and there are heroic encounters and apotheosis. The poem deals with an actual event and thus pokes fun at the two families, but more than that it shows the vanities of humankind. In doing so, much social satire of the fads of the day are presented. The conclusion shows that eighteenth century reason is strongly advocated; whatever one thinks of Clarissa’s early actions in the poem, it is difficult to ignore her advice near the end, advice that advocates the use of reason in all matters of life.

As we know that The hair means Lock is in center of the poem so I am just saying that the in my point of view that The alexander pope is Criticise to Human nature. who are living this kind Ill mentality.

let us discuss about the some of the symbol of the poem. which is satire by alexander pope.

           The playing cards                                             playing cards is the symbol of the one game .who were playing by some person of the poem.Like Bellinda, Baron also some of the person.who has some Interest in the playing card's game.may be pope is trying to criticize to the poem because of the unknown time baron cuts the Lock of the her.

The Lock                                                                          The lock is the symbol of the Absurdity of the humans. They are believing that the only hair is the beauty of woman. Now we all accept the women beauty is in her Hair that's why,  Baron and Bellinda Both are fighting with each other for a Lock of the Bellinda.

                                          Thanks...........😊

          .

Puritan and Restoration age

                        Introduction

       There are so many writers of the puritan and Restoration age. So Today we are going to discuss about any one writer. Who is very famous in this age.so we would like to discuss about John Dryden. who comes from the Restoration age. so The age of Restoration was very famous because of John Dryden was there for his famous work. Let us see the some basic information of the Restoration age.

       

The Reign of charles II. He was king of Restoration age. The term Restoration means The Restoration of Monarchy. when charles came at that time , The theaters were reopen. After James II came for Reign.  There were two parties like a Whigs and Tories. also we know that the now a days in our country both parties are working as take seat of reign like congress and bhajap.so both have own thoughts to take reign and believe to people for some vote. so same things were happening with the people.

      These are the main writers of the Restoration age. whose name are given below.

👉  John Dryden 

  Samuel butler

  Hobbes and Locke

  Evelyn and Pepys.

 so Today's our major writes is John Dryden.

Here is picture of John Dryden.

          

   John Dryden was born on 9 August 1631 at Northamptonshire, England. He was known as poet, Literary critic, play wright, and Librettist. John Dryden was educated from the west minister school, Trinity college, Cambridge.

    John Dryden came from a landowning family with connection to parliament and the church of England. His material grand father was Rector of all saints. He was son of Erasmus Dryden and Mary Pickering. His family were Parliamentary supporters with Puritans learning. He was an english poet ,Dramatist and  Critic. He was also leading figure of the Restoration age. He was so Dominating person that the Whole age was known as the The age of Dryden. Water Scott called him as Glorious john. He left behind almost 30 works for stage as well as a major Critical study ( An Essay Dramatic poesy) and a Number of Translations including  the works Virgil.

           After John Donne and John Milton ,John Dryden was the greatest english poet of the Seventeenth century. He published his first important poem, Heroic stanzas (1659), a eulogy On Cromwell's death. Here is Life related video of John Dryden.

         

so The video is describing the all life and works of john Dryden.

Q (2) Any one more than one Literary text written during this age 

so The both ages are very popular but today we are going to discuss about some of the famous text and some of the famous work, which are given below.    Today we go to one literary work of john Dryden is Absalom and Achitophel.

               

The poem  Absalom and Achitophel by John Dryden. In that poem The king charles II appeared as king David. His natural son is Duke of Mon mouth. In that story part there was one king his name was David.so he had so many relation with another woman. At that time The all things were happening for a king. In that particular time king was free to anything. also king had one son .his name was Absalom and he had one friend Achitophel. so Absalom was in very known person in front of people of king.so He had most popularity in front of people.so The people of Jews were like to him for a Bravery.

        so After the story goes to that we know very well now a days, we all have two parties to take the reign of kingdom. Like a Bhajap  and congress. Also in that poem one character is working like a we can say that any one can try to convince to battle with any one. so in that poem Achitophel is doing his work as this type of things. But Absalom was good man so end was good in this story. I would like to Include one video regarding to the poem.

         

Let us come to the third question which is given below.

 Q(3) Peppy's Diary

 This work has been selected by scholars as being Culturally Important, and is part of the knowledge base of civilization as we know it.

   who was Samuel Peppy's?

            

     Born on 1633, Died 1703

     A Londoner

     A clerk in the Exchequer

     Fellow the Royal society

    

The Diary 

Period covered : 1 Jan 1660 to 31 may

1,250,000 words: 3,100 page : 6 volumes

written in shorthand

Q (4) general characteristics of the puritan and Restoration age 

     

     

          

       

 There are two videos of the puritan age. so today we are going to discuss about the Literary characteristics of the puritan age.

     Literary characteristics:   After the death of James I in 1625, the new monarch Charles I took religious persecution to a new level. He was asked by the Parliament to sign the petition of rights but he continued to show open disregard to Parliament and people.

           He also suffered unsuccessful foreign expeditions to France etc. The Civil War helped the Puritans to set up the Commonwealth. Oliver Cromwell was able to galvanize a military dictatorship during Protectorate up until 1660 when Monarchy was restored. Puritans came to American land in search of religious freedom from the Anglican Church or the High Church and the persecution of the Puritans under the King and Queen of the time. The first Puritan or Pilgrim settlement is at Plymouth. The Puritans had a huge cultural and political role in crystallizing the American life. There imported notions regarding religion and Enlightenment form the bedrock of new settlement culture.

The prominent writers of the age are William Bradford, John Winthrop, Edward Taylor etc. William Bradford wrote extensively about Puritan life in terms of honest and hard working folks.

He celebrated the heroism of the simple or ordinary people. John Winthrop also described the various enterprises of the Puritan life with spirituality being the ultimate objective. In routine life, there were activities like governance, trading and farming. The most prominent writer of the age in England was John Milton with works like paradise lost and Paradise Regained.

  LITERARY CHARACTERISTICS OF RESTORATION AGE 

                         

                    

 The literature of the Restoration period marked the complete breaking of ties with the Renaissance literature. It reflected the spirit of the age. The spirit of corruption and moral laxity, which were predominant in the social life of the restoration, are reflected in literature. The following are the chief feature of the period.

 Realism and formalism Restoration literature is realistic. It was very much concerned with life in London, and with details of dress, fashions and manners. The early Restoration writers, observes sought to paint realistic pictures of corrupt court and society, and emphasized vices rather than virtues and gave us coarse, low plays without interest or moral significance. Like Hobbes, they saw only the externals of man, his body and appetites, not his soul and his ideal. Later, however, this tendency to realism became more wholesome. While it neglected romantic poetry, in which youth is eternally interested, it led to a keener study of the practical motives which govern human action. The Restoration writers eschewed all extravagances of thought and language and aimed at achieving directness and simplicity of expression. Dryden accepted the excellent rule for his prose, and adopted the heroic couplet, as the next best thing for the greater part of this poetry. It is largely due to Dryden that writers developed formalism of style, that precise, almost mathematical elegance, miscalled classicism, which ruled the English literature for the next century. 

 French Influence: 

In this age , There are so many writers who wrote his work as a different point of view. Like a The poem of Rochester, the plays of Dryden, Congreve , Wycherley, Vanbrugh, and Farquhar, All popular in their day, are mostly unreadable. also shakespeare Mid summer nights etc.

The couplet 

The form of Heroic couplet was very famous at that time, but the famous writer was John Dryden. He wrote so many works in the Heroic couplet. Also Chaucer had used the rimed couplet wonderfully in his Canterbury Tales.

New tendencies

with the final rejection of the restoration drama we reach a crisis in the history of our literature. The old Elizabethan spirit, with its patriotism, its creative vigor, its love of romance and the puritan spirit with its moral and at first there was nothing to take their places.

   Dryden when he said that in his prose and poetry he was drawing the outline of new art but had no teacher to instruct him. but literature is progressive art, and soon the writers the tendencies of their own the tendency to realism, and the tendency to that preciseness and elegance of expression which marks our literature for the next hundred years.

           

         Conclusion

The age of Restoration and The age of puritan are very interesting age. And also There are so many writes of both the ages but John Milton and John Dryden is famous figure of these age .And both the ages are reflected with current time.so we know very that the now we are looking that the current issue and situation of the our country.

               

                         Thanks 😊

 

1,527 words